re specified, the last one specified will be used. If neither -P or -L is specified then the behavior will be determined by the getconf parameter PATH_RESOLVE. If PATH_RESOLVE is physical, then the behavior will be as if -P were specified. Otherwise, the behavior will be as if -L were specified.][L?The absolute pathname may contains symbolic link components. This is the default.][P?The absolute pathname will not contain any symbolic link components.][+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?Successful completion.][+>0?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?cd(1), getconf(1)][-1c? @(#)$Id: read (AT&T Labs Research) 2003-05-19 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?read - read a line from standard input][+DESCRIPTION?read reads a line from standard input and breaks it into fields using the characters in value of the IFS variable as separators. The escape character, \, is used to remove any special meaning for the next character and for line continuation unless the -r option is specified.][+?If there are more variables than fields, the remaining variables are set to empty strings. If there are fewer variables than fields, the leftover fields and their intervening separators are assigned to the last variable. If no var is specifed then the variable REPLY is used.][+?When var has the binary attribute and -n or -N is specified, the bytes that are read are stored directly into var.][+?If you specify ?prompt after the first var, then read will display prompt on standard error when standard input is a terminal or pipe.][A?Unset var and then create an indexed array containing each field in the line starting at index 0.][d]:[delim?Read until delimiter delim instead of to the end of line.][p?Read from the current co-process instead of standard input. An end of file causes read to disconnect the co-process so that another can be created.][r?Do not treat \ specially when processing the input line.][s?Save a copy of the input as an entry in the shell history file.][u]#[fd:=0?Read from file descriptor number fd instead of standard input.][t]:[timeout?Specify a timeout timeout in seconds when reading from a terminal or pipe.][n]#[nbyte?Read at most nbyte bytes.][N]#[nbyte?Read exactly nbyte bytes.] [var?prompt] [var ...] [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0? Successful completion.][+>0?End of file was detected or an error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?print(1), printf(1), cat(1)][-1c? @(#)$Id: readonly (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-07-07 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?readonly - set readonly attribute on variables][+DESCRIPTION?readonly sets the readonly attribute on each of the variables specified by name which prevents their values from being changed. If =value is specified, the variable name is set to value before the variable is made readonly.][+?If no names are specified then the names and values of all readonly variables are written to standard output.][+?readonly is built-in to the shell as a declaration command so that field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the arguments. Tilde expansion occurs on value.][p?Causes the output to be in a form of readonly commands that can be used as input to the shell to recreate the current set of readonly variables.] [name[=value]...] [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?Successful completion.][+>0?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?sh(1), typeset(1)][-1c? @(#)$Id: return (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-07-07 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?return - return from a function or dot script ][+DESCRIPTION?return is a shell special built-in that causes the function or dot script that invokes it to exit. If return is invoked outside of a function or dot script it is equivalent to exit.][+?If return is invoked inside a function defined with the function reserved word syntax, then any EXIT trap set within the then function will be invoked in the context of the caller before the function returns.][+?If n is given, it will be used to set the exit status.] [n] [+EXIT STATUS?If n is specified, the exit status is the least significant eight bits of the value of n. Otherwise, the exit status is the exit status of preceding command.][+SEE ALSO?break(1), exit(1)]+[-1c? @(#)$Id: sh (AT&T Labs Research) 1993-12-28 r $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME? ?  - Shell, the standard command language interpreter][+DESCRIPTION? ?  is a command language interpreter that executes commands read from a command line string, the standard input, or a specified file.][+?If the -i option is present, or there are no args and the standard input and standard error are attached to a terminal, the shell is considered to be interactive.][+?The -s and -c options are mutually exclusive. If the -c option is specified, the first arg is the command-line string and must be specified. Any remaining args will be used to initialize $0 and positional parameters.][+?If the neither -s nor -c is specified, then the first arg will be the pathname of the file containing commands and $0 will be set to this value. If there is no file with this pathname, and this pathame does not contain a /, then the PATH will be searched for an executable with this name. Any remaining args will be used to initialize the positional parmaeters.][+?Any option can use a + instead of a - to disable the corresponding option.][c?Read the commands from the first arg.][i?Specifies that the shell is interactive.][l?Invoke the shell as a login shell; /etc/profile and $HOME/.profile, if they exist, are read before the first command.][r :restricted ?Invoke the shell in a restricted mode. A restricted shell does not permit any of the following:]{[+-?Changing the working directory.][+-?Setting values or attributes of the variables SHELL, ENV, FPATH, or PATH.][+-?Executing any command whose name as a / in it.][+-?Redirecting output of a command with >, >|, <>, or >>.][+-?Adding or deleting built-in commands or libraries with builtin.][+-?Executing command -p ... .]}[s?Read the commands from standard input. The positional parameters will be initialized from arg.][D :dump-strings ?Do not execute the script, but output the set of double quoted strings preceded by a $. These strings are needed for localization of the script to different locales.][E?Reads the file ${ENV-$HOME/.kshrc}, if it exists, as a profile. On by default for interactive shells; use +E to disable.][R]:[file?Do not execute the script, but create a cross reference database in file that can be used a separate shell script browser.] abc [arg ...] [+EXIT STATUS?If  ?  executes command, the exit status will be that of the last command executed. Otherwise, it will be one of the following:]{[+0?The script or command line to be executed consists entirely of zero or more blank lines or comments.][+>1-125?A noninteractive shell detected a syntax error, a variable assignment error, or an error in a special built-in.][+126?-c and -s were not specified and the command script was found on PATH but was not executable.][+127?-c and -s were not specified and the command script corresponding to arg could not be found.]}[+SEE ALSO?set(1), builtin(1)]+[-1c? @(#)$Id: set (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-09-28 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?set - set/unset options and positional parameters][+DESCRIPTION?set sets or unsets options and positional parameters. Options that are specified with a - cause the options to be set. Options that are specified with a + cause the option to be unset.][+?set without any options or arguments displays the names and values of all shell variables in the order of the collation sequence in the current locale. The values are quoted so that they are suitable for reinput to the shell.][+?If no args are specified, not even the end of options argument --, the positional parameters are unchanged. Otherwise, unless the -A options has been specified, the positional parameters are replaced by the list of args. A first arg of -- is ignored when setting positional parameters.][+?For backward compatibility, a set command without any options specified whose first arg is - will turn off the -v and -x options. If any additional args are specified, they will replace the positional parameters.][s?Sort the positional parameters.][A]:[name?Assign the arguments sequentially to the array named by name starting at subscript 0 rather than to the positional parameters.] abc [arg ...] [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?No errors occurred.][+>0?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?typeset(1), shift(1)][-1c? @(#)$Id: shift (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-07-07 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?shift - shift positional parameters][+DESCRIPTION?shift is a shell special built-in that shifts the positional parameters to the left by the number of places defined by n, or 1 if n is omitted. The number of positional parameters remaining will be reduced by the number of places that are shifted.][+?If n is given, it will be evaluated as an arithmetic expression to determinate the number of places to shift. It is an error to shift more than the number of positional parameters or a negative number of places.] [n] [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?The positional parameters were successfully shifted.][+>0?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?set(1)][-1c? @(#)$Id: sleep (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-04-07 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?sleep - suspend execution for an interval][+DESCRIPTION?sleep suspends execution for at least the time specified by seconds or until a SIGALRM signal is received. seconds can be specifed as a floating point number but the actual granularity depends on the underlying system, normally around 1 millisecond.] seconds [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?The execution was successfully suspended for at least time seconds, or a SIGALRM signal was received.][+>0?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?time(1), wait(1)][-1c? @(#)$Id: trap (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-07-17 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?trap - trap signals and conditions][+DESCRIPTION?trap is a special built-in that defines actions to be taken when conditions such as receiving a signal occur. Also, trap can be used to display the current trap settings on standard output.][+?If action is -, trap resets each condition to the default value. If action is an empty string, the shell ignores each of the conditions if they arise. Otherwise, the argument action will be read and executed by the shell as if it were processed by eval(1) when one of the corresponding conditions arise. The action of the trap will override any previous action associated with each specified condition. The value of $? is not altered by the trap execution.][+?condition can be the name or number of a signal, or one of the following:]{[+EXIT?This trap is executed when the shell exits. If defined within a function defined with the function reserved word, the trap is executed in the caller's environment when the function returns and the trap action is restored to the value it had when it called the function.][+0?Same as EXIT.][+DEBUG?Executed before each simple command is executed but after the arguments are expanded.][+ERR?Executed whenever set -e would cause the shell to exit.][+KEYBD?Executed when a key is entered from a terminal device.]}[+?Signal names are case insensitive and the sig prefix is optional. Signals that were ignored on entry to a noninteractive shell cannot trapped or reset although doing so will not report an error. The use of signal numbers other than 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 15 is not portable.][+?Although trap is a special built-in, specifying a condition that the shell does not know about causes trap to exit with a non-zero exit status, but does not terminate the invoking shell.][+?If no action or conditions are specified then all the current trap settings are written to standard output.][p?Causes the current traps to be output in a format that can be processed as input to the shell to recreate the current traps.] [action condition ...] [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?Successful completion.][+>0?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?kill(1), eval(1), signal(3)]+[-1c? @(#)$Id: typeset (AT&T Labs Research) 2003-01-15 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME? ? - declare or display variables with attributes][+DESCRIPTION?Without the -f option,  ?  sets, unsets, or displays attributes of variables as specified with the options. If the first option is specified with a - then the attributes are set for each of the given names. If the first option is specified with a +, then the specified attributes are unset. If =value is specified value is assigned before the attributes are set.][+?When  ?  is called inside a function defined with the function reserved word, and name does not contain a ., then a local variable statically scoped to that function will be created.][+?Not all option combinations are possible. For example, the numeric options -i, -E, and -F cannot be specified with the justification options -L, -R, and -Z.][+?Note that the following preset aliases are set by the shell:]{[+float? ? -E.][+functions? ? -f.][+integer? ? -i.][+nameref? ? -n.]}[+?If no names are specified then variables that have the specified options are displayed. If the first option is specified with a leading - then the name and value of each variable is written to standard output. Otherwise, only the names are written. If no options are specified or just -p is specified, then the names and attributes of all variables that have attributes are written to standard output. When -f is specified, the names displayed will be function names.][+?If -f is specified, then each name refers to a function and the only valid options are -u and -t. In this case no =value can be specified.][+? ?  is built-in to the shell as a declaration command so that field splitting and pathname expansion are not performed on the arguments. Tilde expansion occurs on value.][b?Each name may contain binary data. Its value is the mime base64 encoding of the data. It can be used with -Z, to specify fixed sized fields.][f?Each of the options and names refers to a function.][i]#?[base:=10?An integer. base represents the arithmetic base from 2 to 64.][l?Convert uppercase character to lowercase. Unsets -u attribute.][n?Name reference. The value is the name of a variable that name references. name cannot contain a ..][p?Causes the output to be in a format that can be used as input to the shell to recreate the attributes for variables.][r?Enables readonly. Once enabled it cannot be disabled. See readonly(1).][t?When used with -f, enables tracing for each of the specified functions. Otherwise, -t is a user defined attribute and has no meaning to the shell.][u?Without -f or -i, converts lowercase character to uppercase and unsets -l. With -f specifies that name is a function that hasn't been loaded yet. With -i specifies that the value will be displayed as an unsigned integer.][x?Puts each name on the export list. See export(1). name cannot contain a ..][A?Associative array. Each name will converted to an associate array. If a variable already exists, the current value will become index 0.][E]#?[n:=10?Floating point number represented in scientific notation. n specifies the number of significant figures when the value is expanded.][F]#?[n:=10?Floating point. n is the number of places after the decimal point when the value is expanded.][H?Hostname mapping. Each name holds a native pathname. Assigning a UNIX format pathname will cause it to be converted to a pathname suitable for the current host. This has no effect when the native system is UNIX.][L]#?[n?Left justify. If n is given it represents the field width. If the -Z attribute is also specified, then leading zeros are stripped.][R]#?[n?Right justify. If n is given it represents the field width. If the -Z attribute is also specified, then zeros will be used as the fill character. Otherwise, spaces are used.][T]:[tname?tname is the name of a type name given to each name.][Z]#?[n?Zero fill. If n is given it represents the field width.] [name[=value]...] -f [name...] [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?No errors occurred.][+>0?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?readonly(1), export(1)][-1c?@(#)$Id: ulimit (AT&T Labs Research) 2003-06-21 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?ulimit - set or display resource limits][+DESCRIPTION?ulimit sets or displays resource limits. These limits apply to the current process and to each child process created after the resource limit has been set. If limit is specified, the resource limit is set, otherwise, its current value is displayed on standard output.][+?Increasing the limit for a resource usually requires special privileges. Some systems allow you to lower resource limits and later increase them. These are called soft limits. Once a hard limit is set the resource can not be increased.][+?Different systems allow you to specify different resources and some restrict how much you can raise the limit of the resource.][+?The value of limit depends on the unit of the resource listed for each resource. In addition, limit can be unlimited to indicate no limit for that resource.][+?If you do not specify -H or -S, then -S is used for listing and both -S and -H are used for setting resources.][+?If you do not specify any resource, the default is -f.][H?A hard limit is set or displayed.][S?A soft limit is set or displayed.][a?Displays all current resource limits] limits [limit] [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?Successful completion.][+>0?A request for a higher limit was rejected or an error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?ulimit(2), getrlimit(2)][-1c? @(#)$Id: umask (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-04-07 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?umask - get or set the file creation mask][+DESCRIPTION?umask sets the file creation mask of the current shell execution environment to the value specified by the mask operand. This mask affects the file permission bits of subsequently created files. mask can either be an octal number or a symbolic value as described in chmod(1). If a symbolic value is given, the new file creation mask is the complement of the result of applying mask to the complement of the current file creation mask.][+?If mask is not specified, umask writes the value of the file creation mask for the current process to standard output.][S?Causes the file creation mask to be written or treated as a symbolic value rather than an octal number.] [mask] [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?The file creation mask was successfully changed, or no mask operand was supplied.][+>0?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?chmod(1)] [name][-1c? @(#)$Id: unset (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-07-07 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?unset - unset values and attributes of variables and functions][+DESCRIPTION?For each name specified, unset unsets the variable, or function if -f is specified, from the current shell execution environment. Readonly variables cannot be unset.][n?If name refers to variable that is a reference, the variable name will be unset rather than the variable it references. Otherwise, is is equivalent to -v.][f?name refers to a function name and the shell will unset the function definition.][v?name refers to a variable name and the shell will unset it and remove it from the environment. This is the default behavior.] name... [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?All names were successfully unset.][+>0?One or more name operands could not be unset or an error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?typeset(1)][-1c? @(#)$Id: unalias (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-07-07 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?unalias - remove alias definitions][+DESCRIPTION?unalias removes the definition of each named alias from the current shell execution environment, or all aliases if -a is specified. It will not affect any commands that have already been read and subsequently executed.][a?Causes all alias definitions to be removed. name operands are optional and ignored in this case.] name... [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?Successful completion.][+>0?-a was not specified and one or more name operands did not have an alias definition, or an error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?alias(1)][-1c? @(#)$Id: wait (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-06-17 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?wait - wait for process or job completion][+DESCRIPTION?wait with no operands, waits until all jobs known to the invoking shell have terminated. If one or more job operands are specified, wait waits until all of them have completed.][+?Each job can be specified as one of the following:]{[+number?number refers to a process id.][+-number?number refers to a process group id.][+%number?number refer to a job number.][+%string?Refers to a job whose name begins with string.][+%??string?Refers to a job whose name contains string.][+%+ or %%?Refers to the current job.][+%-?Refers to the previous job.]}[+?If one ore more job operands is a process id or process group id not known by the current shell environment, wait treats each of them as if it were a process that exited with status 127.] [job ...] [+EXIT STATUS?If wait is invoked with one or more jobs, and all of them have terminated or were not known by the invoking shell, the exit status of wait will be that of the last job. Otherwise, it will be one of the following:]{[+0?wait utility was invoked with no operands and all processes known by the invoking process have terminated.][+127?job is a process id or process group id that is unknown to the current shell environment.]}[+SEE ALSO?jobs(1), ps(1)] [top] [base] [dir] [list][-1c? @(#)$Id: whence (AT&T Labs Research) 1999-07-07 $ ][-author?David Korn ][-copyright?Copyright (c) 1982-2006 AT&T Knowledge Ventures][-license?http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.txt][--catalog?libshell][+NAME?whence - locate a command and describe its type][+DESCRIPTION?Without -v, whence writes on standard output an absolute pathname, if any, corresponding to name based on the complete search order that the shell uses. If name is not found, then no output is produced.][+?If -v is specified, the output will also contain information that indicates how the given name would be interpretted by the shell in the current execution environment.][a?Displays all uses for each name rather than the first.][f?Do not check for functions.][p?Do not check to see if name is a reserved word, a built-in, an alias, or a function.][v?For each name you specify, the shell displays a line that indicates if that name is one of the following:]{[+?Reserved word][+?Alias][+?Built-in][+?Undefined function][+?Function][+?Tracked alias][+?Program][+?Not found]} name ... [+EXIT STATUS?]{[+0?Each name was found by the shell.][+1?One or more names were not found by the shell.][+>1?An error occurred.]}[+SEE ALSO?command(1)]alarm -r %s +%.3g alarm %s %.3f %s: illegal function name%s: invalid discipline functionout of memorycannot fork%s: unknown signal name*([0-9])?(.)*([0-9])condition(s) required-c requires argumentPATHPS1PS2> IFS PWDHOMEMAILREPLYSHELL/bin/shEDITORMAILCHECKRANDOMENV$HOME/.kshrcHISTFILEHISTSIZEHISTEDITHISTCMDFCEDIT/bin/edCDPATHMAILPATHPS3#? OLDPWDVISUALCOLUMNSLINESPPID_TMOUTSECONDSLINENOOPTARGOPTINDPS4FPATHLANGLC_ALLLC_COLLATELC_CTYPELC_MESSAGESLC_NUMERICFIGNORE.sh.sh.edchar.sh.edcol.sh.edtext.sh.edmode.sh.name.sh.subscript.sh.value.sh.version.sh.dollar.sh.match.sh.command.sh.file.sh.fun.sh.subshell.sh.levelVPATHCSWIDTHÀNÅNÉNÍNÐNÔNØNÜNáNæNìNòNúN